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Dec. 13th, 2012 09:56 am![[personal profile]](https://www.dreamwidth.org/img/silk/identity/user.png){kind=small}
i_eron
История одного "мема"1. An Historicall Description of the Islande of Britayne, with a briefe rehearsal of the nature and qualities of the people of Englande, and of all such commodities as are to be founde in the same (from Raphael Holinshed's Chronicles), by William Harrison, London, 1577, p.102
Our third annoiers of the common-wealth are roges, which doo verie great mischeefe in all places where they become. For wheras the rich onelie suffer iniurie by the first two, these spare neither rich nor poore: but whether it be great gaine or small, all is fish that commeth to net with them, and yet I saie both they and the rest are trussed vp apace. For there is not one yeare commonlie, wherein thrée hundred or four hundred of them are not deuoured and eaten vp by the gallowes in one place and other. It appeareth by Cardane (who writeth it vpon the report of the bishop of Lexouia) in the geniture of king Edward the sixt, how Henrie the eight, executing his laws verie seuerelie against such idle persons, I meane great théeues, pettie théeues and roges, did hang vp threescore and twelue thousand of them in his time. He seemed for a while greatlie to haue terrified the rest: but since his death the number of them is so increased, yea although we haue had no warres, which are a great occasion of their breed...
2. The history of England: from the invasion of Julius Cæsar to the Revolution in 1688, by David Hume, London, 1762, Volume 4, p. 275
The prisoners in the kingdom for debts and crimes are asserted, in an act of parliament, to be sixty thousand persons and above; which is scarcely credible. Harrison asserts that 72,000 criminals were executed during this reign for theft and robbery, which would amount nearly to 2000 a-year. He adds, that in the latter end of Elizabeth's reign, there were not punished capitally 400 in a year: It appears that, in all England, there are not at present fifty executed for those crimes. If these facts be just, there has been a great improvement in morals since the reign of Henry VIII. And this improvement has been chiefly owing to the increase of industry and of the arts, which have given maintenance, and, what is almost of equal importance, occupation, to the lower classes.
3. The Life of Henry Fielding, Esq.,: With Observations on His Character and Writings, by William Watson, Edinburgh 1807, p.94
Hume informs us, on the authority of Harrison, that in the reign of Henry VIII, there were hanged 72,000 thieves and rogues (besides other malefactors); this makes about 2,000 a year...
4. The state of the poor and working classes considered with Practical Plans for Improving Their Condition In Society, by William Davis Bayly, London, 1820, p.45
That some check to the spread of such an alarming contagion was desirable, as well for the moral character and common comforts of the nation, as for the personal safety of the individuals and the security of property, must be evident to every one who is acquainted with the history of the times, and may be particularly judged from the writings of Harrison, who says, " that in the reign of Henry VIII. there were hanged 72,000 thieves and rogues, besides other malefactors." If the number of these malefactors were to be added to the 72,000, it would probably make a total of 2000 executions a year, during the whole of this reign. Whether or not the vagrant and poor laws essentially abated this enormous amount of crime and wretchedness, which we have reason to think they did at the time, it is certain that, in the reign of queen Elizabeth, when Harrison wrote, the number of persons who were executed for theft and robbery, was decreased to between three and four hundred a year.
5. Justice and Codification Petitions, by Jeremy Bentham, London, 1829, p. 82
In the reign of Henry VIII (as may be seen in Barrington's Observations on the Statutes) no fewer than 72,000 individuals suffered death by hanging,- about 2000 a-year upon an average: this, out of a population not half so great as at present.
6. Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine, Volume 31 (1832), p.396
The ancient nobility of England were almost annihilated by mutual slaughter during the wars of the Roses, and the tyranny of Henry VIII. was the consequence ; a reign, says Hume, in which 72,000 persons suffered by the hands of the public executioner, and a greater degree of tyranny was exercised both over consciences, the persons, and the properties of men, than in any similar era since the reign of Nero. [...] The reason why public freedom in an old state cannot subsist for any time after the degradation of the hereditary nobility is, that the Crown and the democracy, having destroyed the power which overawed and separated them, are brought into immediate and fierce collision...
7. A Statistical Account of the British Empire, by John Ramsay McCulloch, Esq., London 1837, vol.1, p.584
Without going farther back, we may mention, in proof of the disorderly and wretched state of the population in the early part of the sixteenth century, that Harrison tells us (Description of Britain, p.186.), that 72,000 "great and petty thieves were put to death during the reign of Henry VIII." This account of the disorderly state of the kingdom, at the period in question, is corroborated by a statement preserved by Strype, written by an eminent justice of Sommersetshitre, in 1596...
8. Karl Marx, Frederick Engels: Marx and Engels Collected Works 1845-47, Volume 5, p.69
These vagabonds, who were so numerous that Henry VIII of England had 72,000 of them hanged, were only prevailed upon to work with the greatest difficulty and through the most extreme necessity, and then only after long resistance.
9. Notes and Queries: Medium of Intercommunication, London, 1855, Volume 11 (January-June 1855), p.21 (Jan 13) - by Rev. Henry Walter.
Reading Macaulay's Critical Essays, I perceive that in 1830, when reviewing Southey's Colloquies on Society, he has said:
"Let them add to all this the fact, that 72,000 persons suffered death by the hands of the executioner during the reign of Henry VIII., and judge between the nineteenth and the sixteenth century."
Whether Mr. Macaulay's subsequent more extensive historical researches would let him still cal that a fact, I cannot presume to say. But it is notoriously referred to as a fact, by popular speakers or writers, from time to time and your useful publication is favourable to having the question so ventilated, as either to put an end to the assumption of this imaginary proof of the ferocity of English tribunals temp. Henry VIII., or to elicit some trustworthy evidence of its being a fact.
To unreflecting readers of English history it may be enough that Hume has said at the close of his account of Henry VIII., ch. 33 [...]
The credit due to such an assertion as the first, from its having been introduced into an act of parliament, can differ very little from the credit due to its independent probability. For so gross was the ignorance of national statistics [...]
As for Harrison's assertion in the Historical Treatise appended to Hollingshed's Chronicles, I have not seen it for some years and have no access to it at present; but unless my memory deceives me, he made the assertion on no better authority than that of the Bishop of Tarbes, whom Francis I sent to England, that prelate's dislike to Henry's proceedings, and to the anti-papal spirit of our nation, made him but too willing to believe any slander against either, whilst the tale suits Harrison's object, which was to set forth the advantages enjoyed by Elizabeth's subjects, the progress of wealth and civilisation, as compared with their state under her father's reign.
10. Landholding in England, by Joseph Fisher, 1875, p.44
The simple fact was, that those who had formerly paid the rent of their land by service as soldiers were without the capital or means of paying rent in money; they were evicted and became vagrants. Henry VIII. took a short course with these vagrants, and it is asserted upon apparently good authority that in the course of his reign, thirty-six years, he hanged no less than 72,000 persons for vagrancy, or at the rate of 2000 per annum. The executions in the reign of his daughter, Queen Elizabeth, had fallen to from 300 to 400 per annum.
11. Notes and Queries, by William White, London, 1901, vol. 103, p. 284
English history, however, affords very little evidence on the point, as in general it notices only the execution of nobles or notable people; that of common felons is disregarded. Stow tells us - of course omitting his source of information - that in the cruel reign of Henry VIII. 72,000 criminals were executed throughout England; we wish that he had named the general place of the London gallows.
12. Short catechism of church history for the higher grades of Catholic schools, by John Henry Oechtering, St. Louis, Mo., 1909, p.69
Henry declared himself head of the English church and demanded an oath recognizing his spiritual supremacy. Cardinal Fisher, Sir Thomas More and 72000 Catholics who refused, were cruelly put to death. Monasteries were plundered, all church lands confiscated and the religious orders blotted out.
13. Heroes of Modern Crusades: True Stories Of The Undaunted Chivalry Of Champions Of The Downtrodden, by Edward Gilliat, Seeley, 1909, p.148
It is true that in earlier times the law was more savagely carried out; for in the reign of Henry VIII. 72,000 thieves were hanged, being at the rate of 2000 a year. In the reign of George III. twenty persons were executed on the same morning in London for stealing from the person. In 1785 no less than ninety-seven persons were executed in London for stealing from a shop to the value of five shillings. One result of the severity of the criminal law was that people had not the inhumanity to bring offenders to justice, especially if they were very young so many offenders got off scot-free.
14. Elizabethan Rogues and Vagabonds, by Frank Aydelotte, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1913, p.5
It is useless to make arithmetical commentary on these figures. Possibly some credence may be given to those for 1517, inasmuch as they seem to be the result of actual count. The others are, so far as one can see, mere guesses. Harrison's figures are just such historical gossips his oft-quoted statement that 72,000 'great theeves, pettie theeves, and roges ' were hanged in the reign of Henry VIII. This statement Harrison took from Cardan, the Italian physician and astrologer, who in 1552 predicted a long and happy life to Edward VI. Harrison does not get it quite right; Cardan says, as a matter of fact, that the 72,000 perished in the last two years of Henry VIII's reign. The Bishop of Lisieux told him so at Besancon. Where the Bishop got his information does not appear. The other estimates are doubtless of much the same character; one thing, however, they do show: that in the eyes of contemporaries the vagrants were a large and important class.
15. The Workers' Republic, by James Connolly, 1915, p. 216
Hollingshead asserts that in the reign of the good King Henry VIII, 72,000 sturdy beggars were hanged for begging. That was the contrast between the Reformation and the love of Christ's Church for Christ's poor. [...] This long extract should be enlightening and illuminating to our readers. It shows that the Socialists have been uniformly fair in their treatment of the attitude of the Catholic Church of the past towards the poor, that they have defended that Church from the attacks of unscrupulous Protestant historians...
16. The Paradox of the Prisons, by Ernest Havemann, The Life Magazine, Sep 30, 1957, p.93
Under Henry VIII 72,000 thieves were executed, under Queen Elizabeth 19,000.
17. The description of England, by William Harrison, Cornell University Press, 1968
It appeareth by Cardan (who writeth it upon the report of the Bishop of Lexovia) in the geniture of King Edward the Sixth, how Henry the Eighth, executing his laws very severely against such idle persons, I mean, great thieves, petty thieves, and rogues, did hang up threescore-and-twelve thousand of them in his time.
Cardan: Girolamo Cardano (1501-1576), Italian mathematician, physician and astrologer. In his horoscope (geniture) of Edward VI, Cardan cites the bishop of Lisieux as his authority for the statement that Henry VIII executed 72,000 thieves in the last two years of his reign (Liber duodecim geniturarum in Opera, Lyons, 1663, V, 508). The figure is clearly inflated.
[The 1968 edition of the 1577 book by William Harrison (1535-1593) has been edited by Georges Edelen, the above note is by the editor - i_eron]
18. The Catholic Worker Movement: Intellectual And Spiritual Origins, by Mark Zwick, Louise Zwick, 2005, p.140.
After the suppression of the monasteries, the poor were deprived at one fell swoop of alms, shelter and schooling. The consequence was that great numbers, left entirely destitute of the means of existence, took to begging and thieving. Henry VIII is said to have put 72,000 thieves to death after he destroyed the monasteries.
[...]
G.K. Chesterton, frequently quoted by Catholic Workers, described in similar terms what happened when the monasteries were destroyed, and individualism and commercialism accelerated. Chesterton critique presented briefly what R. H. Tawney would later develop into a major study...
[note - the Catholic Workers probably mean here Chesterton's "What's Wrong With the World", Part I, Ch. 5 "The Unfinished Temple", in which he criticizes Henry's absolute power and talks about the faith of the monasteries. In my very humble opinion the claim of "similar terms" is blatantly unjustified - i_eron]
19. 1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus, by Charles C. Mann, 2005, p.137
The second myth is that in its penchant for public slaughter the Triple Alliance [Aztec Empire - i_eron] was fundamentally different from Europe. Criminals beheaded in Palermo, heretics burned alive in Toledo, assassins drawn and quartered in Paris—Europeans flocked to every form of painful death imaginable, free entertainment that drew huge crowds. London, the historian Fernand Braudel tells us, held public executions eight times a year at Tyburn, just north of Hyde Park. (The diplomat Samuel Pepys paid a shilling for a good view of a Tyburn hanging in 1664; watching the victim beg for mercy, he wrote, was a crowd of “at least 12 or 14,000 people.”) In most if not all European nations, the bodies were impaled on city walls and strung along highways as warnings. “The corpses dangling from trees whose distant silhouettes stand out against the sky, in so many old paintings, are merely a realistic detail,” Braudel observed. “They were part of the landscape.” Between 1530 and 1630, according to Cambridge historian V. A. C. Gatrell, England executed seventy-five thousand people. At the time, its population was about three million, perhaps a tenth that of the Mexica empire [most historians believe 11-15m people lived in Mezoamerica, not 30m – i_eron]. Arithmetic suggests that if England had been the size of the Triple Alliance, it would have executed, on average, about 7,500 people per year, roughly twice the number Cortés estimated for the empire [in fact, both Aztec and early Spanish estimates were of 20,000-80,000 in one ceremony - i_eron]. France and Spain were still more bloodthirsty than England, according to Braudel.
20. Criminology: Theory, Research, And Policy, by Gennaro F Vito, Ph.D., Jeffrey R. Maahs, Dr Ronald M Holmes, London, 2006, p.220.
Thus, they argued, it was only natural that punishments would become more severe as economic conditions worsened. For example, over 72,000 thieves were hanged in England during the reign of Henry VIII. However, when the potential of inmate labor power became apparent, convicts were transported to distant lands to provide more markets for the British Empire instead of being executed.
21. Becoming White: My Family's Experience As Slave Holders-and Why It Still Matters, by Margaret Blackburn White, 2008, p.19
Laws were passed to control these masses - laws so terrible that it is hard for us to conceive of them. Under the reign of Henry VIII (1491-1547), 72,000 vagrants were executed for no other crime than being poor or refusing to work in sub-human conditions. Peasants were literally enslaved to the masters. Such slaves were branded and could be sold, bequeathed, and let out on hire as a slave, "just as any other personal chattel or cattle." Slaves who attempted to rebel were executed.
22. Catherine Howard: The Queen Whose Adulteries Made a Fool of Henry VIII, by Lacey Baldwin Smith, 2009, p.74
Then there was the 'cocking stool', reserved for inveterate gossips and scandalmongers, whom society endeavoured to chasten by ducking in the nearest pond. Whipping, either at the whipping-post or at the rear of a cart, was the usual method of discouraging idleness and prostitution. In all, John Stow estimated that some 72,000 persons were executed during the reign of Henry VIII for criminal offences, while the number who suffered branding, mutilation and humiliation is beyond reckoning. Even so, social thinkers felt that the laws were insufficiently enforced; crime remained unchecked, and one contemporary complained that this was the result of 'want of punishment by the day, and idle watch in the night'.
23. A Lifetime with Shakespeare: Notes from an American Director of All 38 Plays, by Paul Barry, 2010, p.209
According to Mark Twain, during the 38 years of Henry VIII's reign, 72,000 men, women, and children were judicially put to death for crimes as serious as murder, rape, and treason down to those as petty as stealing a chicken. Henry's reign was not unique in this regard; the death penalty had been in use at least since the Middle Ages, but Twain emphasized how far reaching was the cruelty of this man.
24. The Big Book of Pain: Punishment and Torture Through History, by Daniel Diehl, Mark P. Donnelly, 2011, p.74
Everywhere, victims of Henry's paranoia were tortured, hanged and burned. Monks, priests and nuns were burnt for their faith as were protestant ministers and deacons. Noblemen went to the block or were hanged, drawn and quartered for defying the king's orders to slaughter the common people in ever greater numbers. In one tragic case a boy of fifteen was burnt for repeating snatches of the banned liturgy that it would have been nearly impossible for him to understand because they were in Latin. Over the course of Henry VIII's thirty-eight-year reign it is estimated that 72,000 men, women and children were executed. How many more were tortured is impossible to guess. It would be heartening to say that the England of Henry VIII represented a tragic but isolated instance in the increased use of torture, but such was not the case.
25. Facts That Will Scare the Shit Out of You, by Cary McNeal, Newton Abbot, 2011
FACT: During the bloody thirty-eight year reign of Henry VIII (1509-1547), an estimated 57,000 to 72,000 subjects lost their heads. They never found them, either.
26. The Road Not Taken: How Britain Narrowly Missed a Revolution, by Frank McLynn, 2012, ch.4
Those who claim that the vilest dictators are those who begin as intellectuals (Lenin, Stalin, Hitler, Mao etc) are on safe ground with Henry VIII. This was a man who began as a scholar and would-be enlightened ruler but ended life as the most horrendous of psychopaths. Historians have always been kind to the absurdly names 'bluff King Hal'. One some indices, he was the most despicable human being who ever lived. Where even Lenin, Stalin, Hitler and Mao performed their egregious evil in pursuit of social dreams and goals, however misguided, Henry VIII performed his purely out of hypertrophied egotism, out of a sociopathic rage that any other human being could dare oppose their will to his. The sixteenth century was certainly not an era of bleeding-heart liberals, but even the Europe of the Borgias, Machiavelli and the conquistadores were appalled by the spectre of the English Nero, who is estimated to have executed 72,000 people during his reign.
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